researchproposal范文

researchproposal范文篇一

research-proposal范文

Research proposal

1. Title：

Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern Eschatology

Or Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

2. Introduction：

1).about the author:

a. Most Important achievements about Cormac McCarthy:

Cormac McCarthy is an American novelist and playwright, who was once described as “the best unknown novelist in America”. So far McCarthy has written ten novels, one published five-act play, and one filmed screenplay, among which, novels are considered his most conspicuous literary achievements.

On May 5th, 2009, Cormac McCarthy has won the biennial PEN/Saul Bellow award for lifetime achievement in American literature, for "a distinguished living American author of fiction whose body of work in English possesses qualities of excellence, ambition, and scale of achievement over a sustained career which places him or her in the highest rank of American literature".

He received the Pulitzer Prize in 2007 for The Road, and his 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. He received a National Book Award in 1992 for All the Pretty Horses.

His earlier Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time Magazine's poll of 100 best English-language books published between 1925 and 2005 and he placed joint runner-up for a similar title in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, along with Thomas Pynchon, Don DeLillo and Philip Roth. He is frequently compared by modern reviewers to William Faulkner.

2. Proposed researched topic

Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and American Modern Eschatology

Or Modern Eschatology of the 21st century America in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

3. Literature review:

As Cormac McCarthy is a newly-rising writer, we can not see so many tremendous academic studies of him as of other classical writers.

1) In USA, Cormac McCarthy didn’t receive critical attention until the 1990s.So far the American critics and postgraduates have conducted studies of him in the following aspects with a few achievements. In spite of his numerous awards and prizes, McCarthy is frequently considered

as the successor of William Faulkner; however, with the popularity of No Country for Old Men and the great success of The Road, more mainstream critics and media keep an eye on this unknown famous writer.

a. Monologues, dialogues, sentence structures inspire scholars to explore autotextuality in McCarthy’s works. Christine Chollier brings forward the idea that the writer is a master in binding and interweaving different voices together to generate and enhance an impression of reality. It is the writer’s talent in picking and arranging words that renders his works an organic unity rarely found in other western novels.

Another thing that keeps attracting scholar’s attention is protagonists’ dreams, which, Edwin T. Arnold thinks, represent McCarthy’s “unique way of sharing world experience with readers”. Other themes, like wars, ethics, and modern technology, have all become the focuses of study. Some scholars ponder over another important theme in McCarthy’s works: human-nature relations. George Guillemin raises the idea that the writer is advocating a biocentric concept in all his books, which runs in contrast to the anthropocentric stance many western novels have assumed before. Guillemin points out that people’s hope to get closer to nature has been ruined by modern civilization. Barcley Owens, too, expresses the same concern over human’s attitudes towards nature and argues eloquently that McCarthy reveals his worry through the depiction of wilderness in his Border Trilogy.

In The Lay of the Land in Cormac McCarthy’s Appalachia, K. Wesley Berry shows his interest in examining the geological changes in McCarthy’s Appalachia. A lot of data are brought in for a conclusion that human’s activities have already caused damages to natural environment, and if not stopped, will continue to harm the planet people are living on. In another essay by Sara Spurgeon, the idea that nature deserves to be explored and used by human is totally undermined through a closer examination of the message McCarthy tries to pass on to us in his works. The World on Fire deals with the same topic, but in a different way. Jacqueline Scoones finds McCarthy’s interest in portraying products of modern civilization and putting them in a setting of nature. Scoones insists that McCarthy intends to generate an odd contrast between civilization and nature, and to arouse a spontaneous hatred against people’s invasion into nature.

Researchers also notice the animal images in his works. Major analysis include George Guillemin’s Some Site Where Life had not Succeeded, in which he mentions that John Grady’s attitude changes toward horses represent the wakening of his goodwill to nature. Western Myths in All the Pretty Horses and The Crossing by Barcley Owens explicitly affirms wolves as a “spokesman” of nature. And everything people could see from the animal and its relations with human may serve as the evidence that McCarthy hopes for a harmonious coexistence between human and nature.

2) Cormac McCarthy’s works are still far from familiar to China’s literary circle.

From the data from CNKI, it is clear that Cormac McCarthy has gained Chinese Critics’

attention only in recent years, especially after the release of the movie No country for Old Men. Before 2007, there are only two essays on Cormac McCarthy, while since 2007, 5 essays and 5 graduate theses have chosen this writer and his works, two of which are based on The Road. However, those two just introduce the plots of the novel and some relevant information.

3. The Main Argument (and three sub-arguments):

This thesis will be carried out through the perspective of Modern Eschatology, especially in the views of the end days appeared after 911.

1. The destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth

2. The final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilization

3. The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future.

4.Purpose and Significance of Study:

First, this thesis introduces Cormac McCarthy into China, who claims certain fame in the USA but is little known in China. Surely, McCarthy will get his familiarity and fame in China gradually in which this thesis will play an incentive role.

Second, social sciences see great initiation with the development of the modern nature sciences. The melting trend of different branches of sciences becomes more and more conspicuous. Many critics tend to analyze literary works from the point of philosophy, psychology, sociology, aesthetics, anthropology, etc. This thesis offers an example of such a trend.

Third, this thesis claims its enlightening function. It presents us a new angle of view into the contemporary American culture after the 911 effect.

5. A Detailed Sentence Outline:

Introduction

The part includes an introduction to Cormac McCarthy and The Road and literature reviews of existing findings. The origins, development and main thoughts of eschatology will be introduced as an important term for the thesis. Aside from those, a special attention will be given to how the 911 event effects the American culture and American literature.

Chapter One the violent destruction of the world in The Road

1.1 The ruins on the American Land

1.2 The wasteland of the human spirit

This part will analyze the destruction of the world in the novel and its metaphorical truth.

Chapter Two the final judgment of the righteous and the wicked in The Road

2.1 The bad guys on the road

2.2 The good guys on the road

This part will discuss the final judgments administered by the writer in the fictitious world and the crytic trial to the human civilization

Chapter Three: the Post-Doomsday Vista in The Road

3.1 The allegoric meaning of the journey

3.2 The symbolic image of the son

The Post-Doomsday Vista portrayed in The Road and the suggested attitude of the writer to the human future will be presented in the third chapter.

Conclusion

The total destruction presents readers the picture in the end of the world, but also deprives them of the endless horror about the uncertain future. In the end is the beginning. The author proclaims the resurrection for modern humans. What matters in the novel is the great humanity of the individual.

1) On Literature and Theory

Wolfreys, J. Introducing Criticism at the 21st Century [M].Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2002.

Brooks, Cl. & Warren, R.P. Understanding Fiction [M]. 外语教学与研究出版社，2004.

Bradbury, Malcolm. The Modern American Novel [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction [M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.

Pizer, Donald, (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995

Zhu, Gang.20th Century Western Literary Theories[M],上海外语教育出版，2001。

Millard, K. Contemporary American Fiction [M]. Oxford University Press, 2000.

Selden, R, Widdowson,P. & Brooker, P. A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory (fourth Edition) [M]. 外语教学与研究出版社，2004.

researchproposal范文篇二

怎样写好research proposal(中文)

大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。简单的说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不仅确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印象。

一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应的工作计划来完成它。总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。

不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。 研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。 研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书写作。一个好的研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。因此，非常值得你去写得连贯，清晰并且令人信服。

这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。

标题：

标题应该简明扼要。比如，“一个关于…的研究”，这样的句子就应该避免。通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。然而，应尽可能，想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了他们会喜欢这个计划。

摘要：

摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说（如有的话），方法以及主要发现。对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本，还有任何将被用到的手段。

引言：

引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。如何设定研究问题可能是计划书写作最难的部分。 如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎和无趣。然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重要性就变得不言而喻了。 不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣和翔实的开头段的规定一样。很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。 首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域；其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景，在这里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。最后，确定“关键角色”（key players），参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。总之，把你的研究问题放到

一个大的背景下，但同时体现出他的重要性。

引言一般以对该领域的简单描述开始，同时关注某一特定的研究问题，接下来是拟定研究的基本原理。

引言部分通常包含以下内容：

1. 描述该研究问题，一般也叫研究目的；

2. 为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；

3. 说明你研究问题的理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；

4. 简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；

5. 确定你试验中关键的独立或相关变量。或者，明确说明你想要研究的现象；

6. 阐述你的假说或理论，如有的话。对于探索性或现象解释型的研究，你可能不会有任何假说。（请不要混淆假说和统计学上的零假设）；

7.设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；

8. 给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）；

文献综述： 文献综述有时也包括到简介部分。然而，大多数教授更喜欢一个单独的部分，这样可以更全面地回顾相关文献。

文献综述有以下一些重要功能：

1. 确保你不是“重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）；

2. 向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢；

3. 说明你对该研究问题的了解；

4. 阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解；

5. 展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力；

6 显示你整合现有文献的能力；

7. 提供新的理论见解或发展一种新的模式，作为你研究的概念框架；

8. 向你的读者证明该研究计划会对现有文献做出重要的和实质性的贡献。（比如，解决一个重要的理论问题或者填补一个主要空白）；

大多数学生的文献综述都有以下问题：

* 缺乏组织结构

* 缺乏重点，整体性和连贯性

* 冗长重复

* 没有引用重要文献

* 没有跟上最新进展

* 没有对所引文献进行批判分析

* 引用了不相关或不重要的文献

* 过多依赖二手资料

如果你的研究计划里有任何上述问题，你的学术和研究能力就会受到质疑。 有多种方式来组织文献综述。利用副标题来使你的综述有序和连贯。比如，在展示了你研究领域的重要性和最新研究进展之后，你可能会用几个小节来探讨相关问题，如理论模型，测定手段，跨文化和性别差异，等等。 同时也要牢记你是在向听众讲一个故事。要试着以一种具有启发性的方式讲述，而不要使他们感到厌烦，因为这可能导致你的计划被否决。（记住，教授和科学家们也是人。）

方法：方法部分非常重要，因为它会告诉研究委员会你准备如何来解决该研究问题。该部分要提出你的工作计划，并说明完成你项目所需的必要活动。攥写方法部分的指导原则就是，应包含足够的信息，以便读者判断该方法是否有效可行。

你也应该说明对其他可行方法的看法，以证明你的方法是解决该研究问题最适当和最有效的途径。 表明你的研究问题能被定性的研究所回答。然而，大多数主流的心理学家仍然对定性研究抱有偏见，尤其是针对各种现象，因此你可能需要证明你的定性方法。 而且在定性分析时，并没有一个好的而又被广泛接受的经典方法，所以你的方法部分就需要阐述得比传统定量研究所要求的更为详尽。更重要的是，相比定量研究，数据的收集过程对定性研究的结果有更重大的影响。这是你需要更加小心地描述你将如何收集和分析数据的另一个原因。（如何攥写定性分析的方法部分需要另文讨论）

对定量研究来说，方法部分通常包括以下内容：

1. 研究设计-是问卷调查研究还是一个实验室的试验？你将选择什么样的设计？

2. 研究对象或参与者――谁将会参与你的研究？你将采用什么样的抽样程序？

3. 研究手段――你将采用什么样的测量手段或问卷？你为什么要选择这些方法？他们是否有效可靠？

4. 研究步骤――你打算如何开展研究？有哪些过程将被包括？需要多长时间？

结果： 很显然，在研究计划准备阶段你并没有研究结果。不过，你将收集哪些数据，什么样的统计方法将会用于解答你的研究问题或验证你的假设，关于这些你应该有一些想法。

讨论： 向读者说明你研究的潜在影响很重要。在交流时你应该热情而自信，但又不能夸大该研究的价值。这就是为什么你还需要说明该研究的局限和不足，可能是因为时间和经济上的限制，也可能是因为你研究领域还是在发展初期。

研究计划攥写时常犯的错误：

1. 拟定研究问题时没有提供合适的背景；

2. 没有给研究设定边界条件；

3. 没有引用标志性的研究；

4. 未准确指出其他研究者在理论和实践上做出的贡献；

5. 未能持续关注所研究的问题；

6. 未能给该研究提出一个条理分明和有说服力的论据；

7. 在次要问题上太多细节，在主要问题上却细节不足；

8. 过于松散，都是泛泛而谈，没有明确的方向。（好的研究建议方向明确，展开论述从容不迫，就像一条连续的河流）；

9. 过多的引用笔误和错误引用；

10.太过冗长或过于简短；

11. 没有遵循美国心理学会写作格式规范（APA style）；

12. Slopping writing.？？

researchproposal范文篇三

CSC research proposal格式参考

“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”研修计划

Research Plan for CSC Scholarship Program

1

2{researchproposal范文}.

3

researchproposal范文篇四

Research Proposal 写作步骤

英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）的写作步骤和组成部分

先扔一些指导英语研究计划书写作的文章的链接

/

序言：写研究计划书的难处在哪里

研究计划书的重要性暂不讨论。个人认为本科生写研究计划书有这些问题：

1. 几乎从未写过研究计划书，接触科研的机会也不多，也没有相关课程教怎么写。不知如何下手。

2. 不知如何搜索英文文献、从英文文献中搜寻和提炼自己需要的信息。

3. 用英语写学术文章，在遣词造句、思维方式方面比较生疏。

STEP1 定研究题目的大方向

选择标准：与自己的本科专业、相关研究或调研经历、要申请的专业、目标教授有关。

注意：

1. 研究的主题最好是当今国际上比较热的，至少别太过时；

如果时间充裕，可以浏览国际上相关领域知名期刊近年来发的文章的题目和摘要，归纳总结一下别人都在研究些什么；也可以在有几个兴趣方向后，问问相关专业领域的老师，他们会比较清楚。

2. 一开始没必要把题目定的太细致，有个大方向即可。

到下一步阅读文献的过程中，随着对研究主题了解的深入和看别人的研究，会产生很多新的想法。如果一开始就限定死了，很可能到后面就发现这个研究缺乏可行性、或者前人已经研究过了。

STEP2 找文献&阅读文献

文献选择的几个标准

1. 以英语文献为主。参考文献列表中也可以有少量中文文献。在刚开始读文献时，可以先看些中文的，这样方便你了解相关研究背景。以免在看英文文献时云里雾里，看不懂。

2. 相关专业具有影响力的期刊（若不知道，可以咨询相关专业的老师，他们比较清楚）上发的文章；

3. 相关领域权威泰斗人士发的文章（可以追踪他长期的研究，一一阅读他从早期到现在的论文，这样能了解到这个研究主题发展的脉络）；

4. 近几年的文章，太久的（比如10年前的）参考价值降低；

5. 如果你的目标教授有发表相关的英语文章，也可以找出来看看。

6. 中文有很多垃圾期刊，少看那上面的文章，不如不看

7. 硕士和博士学位论文涵盖的内容比较综合，可以看个几篇，用于了解该领域的研究情况，来龙去脉，补充一些基础背景知识之类的。

找文献的方法：

英文：通过google学术搜索。如果你所在的学校买了该数据库，就可以直接下载。 中文：一般是通过中国知网搜索。

日文：我个人建议日文的还是不必了。日文数据库咱们上不去，很少能下载到比较有用的文献，也没必要摆日文参考文献上去展示日语能力。

需要看多少篇文章？

以我个人经验，写一篇研究计划书，需要精读15篇以上英文论文。中文的5-10篇，多看一些也无所谓（看得快嘛），但要避免看垃圾文章。

看文献的Tips（以下是我的一些个人习惯，仅供参考，不一定适用于任何人）

1. 将觉得需要认真看、反复研究的重点文章打印出来，反复看，也方便做记号和前后对照翻阅。

2. 在读的过程中，遇到写得好的、关键的、觉得有可能在研究计划书中用上的句子，复制粘贴到一个word文档里并简要标明出处。

3. 读文献的过程中有任何想法都要赶紧记下来。可以用笔记本手写，也可以建一个word文档记。

4.认真研究英文文献的句子，模仿他们的行文和表述方式。在此推荐一本英语学术写作的书，可以先简要阅读一遍，名字叫《The elements of style》，网上能搜到英文原版和中译版。

STEP3 开始写

1. 写的过程中，记得随时翻阅相关文献（我的习惯是这样的）。觉得写不下去时，就再去看文献，也可以求助于老师或学术能力比较强的师兄师姐。

2. 字数在1500-2000字左右为宜（不包括参考文献）

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英语研究计划书（Research Proposal）各个部分的具体内容

1. Research Title and Theme

研究题目一句话，详细，具体。然后用一小段话概况整个研究计划书，跟写论文摘要类似。

2. Research Context

研究背景。介绍一下关于此主题的研究起源，一些基本的背景资料。这部分可以在你看文献的过程中好好搜集组织。

3. Literature Review

文献综述。这就是你阅读文献和思考的成果。要说清楚关于该主题的研究进展到了什么程度，有哪些方面的观点，各做了一些什么研究，有什么结论。然后从前人的研究中发现了什么问题，因而得到你所要做的研究。

4. Aims and Objectives

此研究要达到什么目的，回答什么问题。可以先写2-3个主要目标。然后有4-5个具体一些的分目标。例如：{researchproposal范文}.

This planned research has the following aims:

1）

。。。

Specific research questions that will be addressed include:

1）

2）

。。。{researchproposal范文}.

5. Methodology

方法论。即如何研究？如何实现上述的目标？研究计划书最核心的部分之一！！

方法论一定要具体，要可行！！！让人感觉拿着这个“办事流程”就可以直接上手了。

比如说写到发访谈，就应该写清楚访谈对象是谁，采取什么抽样方法，准备访谈哪些问题。 比如说写到要做政策分析，应具体到准备怎么收集政策资料，收集哪些资料，在分析时重点关注什么问题。例如：

(1) Systematic documentation collection and analysis of public policies;

The researcher means to search relevant public policies from government documents and news reports. The policies related to economy, employment, housing and education will be focused. Then, a series of policy analyses will be conducted, including (a) the attitudes of public policies on poor neighbourhoods; (b) the changes happened in the neighbourhoods after policy implementation.

6. Expected Results and Implication of Results

预期得到什么结果，这些结果能说明什么。

强烈建议最后画一张Research flow diagram，推荐Microsoft visio用流程图来表示你的整个研究过程，直观清晰。

7. References

列出你重点参考过的文献。按作者姓氏排列。英文文献和中文文献分开。

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STEP4 找人提意见

写出一个结构完整的研究计划书后，给自己熟悉的老师，或者研究方向与此相关的老师看，优先选择有出国经历、学术能力强、对学生好、你比较熟悉的老师（他们不会太敷衍你）。与他们讨论，他们的每一个字每一句话都该记得清清楚楚，这是来之不易的珍贵意见！！ 我建议可以先找一位学术能力比较强的师兄师姐看，这样你至少能改掉一些比较基本的问题，师兄师姐们虽然学术水平没有老师高，但他们会看得更仔细认真一些。等解决一些基本问题后，再去求找老师看。{researchproposal范文}.

STEP5 修改

按各种意见进行修改后，基本就可以定稿了。

我还想强调一下格式规范的问题。规范的格式是对学术的尊重，也能给人赏心悦目的感觉。尤其是要注意参考文献引用的格式规范，可以参考国际重点杂志上的论文。

researchproposal范文篇五

怎么写篇漂亮的research_proposal

文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada).

题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：

Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one’s research is only as a good as one’s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand,

A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.

The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.

The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.

This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.

Title:

It should be . For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship,

because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader’s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.

Abstract:

It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.

Introduction:

The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.

significance will become evident.

Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to .

However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” . Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.

The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with

a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for

to show its necessity and importance.{researchproposal范文}.

research.

Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.

research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)

7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a

Literature Review:

Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

The literature review serves several important functions:

1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.

2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.

to your research question.

5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.

6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.

framework for your research.

8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or

filling a major gap in the literature).

Most students’ literature reviews suffer from the following problems:

* Lacking organization and structure

* Lacking focus, unity and coherence

* Being repetitive and verbose

* Failing to cite influential papers

* Failing to keep up with recent developments

* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers

* Citing irrelevant or trivial references

* Depending too much on secondary sources

Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.

established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.

It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)

Methods:

The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.

The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain

sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some

question.

Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against

qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.

Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)

sections:

1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?

2. Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?

3. Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?

4. Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

Results:

will be used in order to answer your research question or test you hypothesis.

Discussion:

It is important to convince your reader of the of your proposed

researchproposal范文篇六

申请文书Research proposal怎么写

申请文书Researchproposal怎么写

首先，先讨论最常见的SOP。无论申请什么学校，一定都会要求SOP。这份文件通常分以下几个部份：大学时期修过课程，大学时期研究，硕班时期修过课程，硕班时期研究，课外活动，打工或经验，毕业后的研究经验，未来研究计划。Statementofpurpose里的研究计划大概只有一段左右。整篇statement大约为1000字上下最为常见。Researchproposal一般来说是申请博士才会需要，但是有一些硕士班申请也会要求。通常researchproposal会比statementofpurpose长。依学校要求可能少则1000字，多则高达十几二十页。至于researchproposal要写得多详细有两种方式：一个是挑一个研究的方向，写得很详细，展现出现你有能力做深度的研究；另一个是挑两三个研究的主题，每一个都讨论一页左右，让学校觉得你是一个很有弹性，愿意多方学习的人。最重要的是，一定要去学校的网站看有哪些研究者，哪些教授，这些教授最近的学生在做什么主题，他们自己又是做什么主题。你写的研究方向如果是教授几年前在做的主题，可能他现在已经没有在做了，或是做腻了，教授可能就不会特别想收你。教授最近在做什么研究，学校的网站会给你最初步的了解，但是最重要的是看教授最近发表的paper或是书，或是他的学生发表的paper或是书是在做什么主题。Researchproposal通常还会包含一个literaturereview，也就是把目前为止学者们做的研究做到哪里了，写出来。那接下来你得说明，你赞成哪些**，不赞成哪些**，以及最重要的是，你未来的研究，跟前人的研究有什么不同，你的学术贡献在哪里如果是你比较toppriority想申请的学校，建议博士班申请可以将自己的研究想法，过去做过的研究成果，以及未来想走的方向写一封大约500字的email给你中意的教授。甚至如果有时间的话，可以去参加conference，遇到教授时就直接上前跟他攀谈。如果没有conference可参加，那就直接寄信问教授是否有意愿跟你会面。寄简短的researchproposal给教授，要注意的是，不要只写：我对你的研究很有兴趣…我毕业于XX大学…我觉得你

是很优秀的教授…等等这种废话。请尽量言之有物，不要长篇大论，超过500字会让对方觉得负担很大，可能不会想看你的email。但是太短或是太废话，又会觉得你不够优秀，教授可能会不想浪费时间跟你往来通信或是跟你会面讨论你的博士计划。以上当然是最佳的状况，也就是你对你申请的学校的program蛮了解的，你也对你未来的指导教授的研究蛮了解的。如果没有时间，或是真的还是有一点状况外，那researchproposal可能写不了很深入，自己找一个主题写深入又怕教授不喜欢你的主题，不想收你。这时候可能researchproposal就得写得比较广泛一些。但是说广泛也还是得展现出你有念博班的资格∩能可以挑三个研究方向来写，每一个都写上500-1000字，然后跟教授说你对三个都有兴趣，如果有机会的话看是否可以跟教授讨论。最后一种为personalstatement，有时是称之为personalhistory。这一类的文件是我目前在修改文件时最头痛的，往往文不对题，而且只是把statementofpurpose里的东西改编一下，换句话说而已。Personalstatement是要让你展现出你的个人特质。学校每年收到数百上千份文件，而且每一个人的背景都蛮优秀的，statementofpurpose通常都是写你是XX大学毕业，大学做了什么研究，要蛮化也蛮难的。Personalstatement则是让你可以写出你的家庭背景，特别的经验等等。如果讨论家庭背景，请不要写：我有爸爸，妈妈，跟一个哥哥，家庭和乐，妈妈很辛苦…之类的话。家庭背景其实要写的是，比如说，父亲是教授对你有什么启发，家境很不好对你求学之路有什么影响，原住民背景让你在求学之路有什么影响。一般来说外国人会比较喜欢白手起家，或是很努力型的小孩。如果家境很好，请不要讲家里开，从小不愁吃不愁穿，所以不知道要做什么，只好申请国外的学校。还是要着重在家里虽然蛮富裕的，父亲却很重视家庭，所以你从小就在自家打工，学习父亲的精神，看见父亲很辛苦，想帮忙所以想多学一些技能，希望回国后能分担父亲的劳苦。Personalstatement其实有一点洒狗血，讲得很生动，很感人，或是很悲惨可能加分效果会比较好。另外像是如果有特别的经验，像是从小就搬家到美国，不太会讲中文，夹在中国跟美国文化中间。或是曾经摆摊卖鸡排，找出该炸多久最好吃，鸡排应该定价多少最赚钱等。或

是曾经拿着吉他走唱。或是你做的youtubevideo超红超多人点看。或是你很会唱歌，拿到全楔拉OK大王。每年计算机展一定会带你的专业相机去拍showgirl，波在网络上获得大家广大的回响。不要小看人的魅力。我们觉得很正常很宅男的兴趣，外国人往往会觉得非常有趣。再来，很多人很喜欢写的课外活动为旅行。但是如果你的所谓旅行是参加旅行团去日本或是法国这类先进国家，其实加分效果不太高。因为华人游客给外国人印象很差，根本不是旅行，只是去拍照的。所以除非你去的国家很多很特别，或是你的旅行方式很自助很特别，或是你上山下海高空弹跳搭直升机样样来，尽量不要写你的旅行经验。接下来，来找几个学校对personalstatement的要求，我来说明一下他们是什么意思。像是HarvardLawSchool好了，他们写道：Applicantspresentthemselves,theirbackgrounds,experiences,andideastotheAdmissionsCommitteeinaPersonalStatement.Becausepeopleandtheirexperiencesarediverse,youarethebestpersontodetermihecontentofyourownstatement.Itisforyoutodecidewhatinformationyouwouldliketoconvey,andthebestwayforyoutoconveyit.Whateveryouwrite,readerswillbeseekingtogetasenseofyouasapersonandasapotentialstudentandgraduateofHarvardLawSchool.Inthiscontext,itisgenerallymorehelpfultowritewhatyouthinkreadersshouldknowtohaveabettersenseofwhoyouareratherthanwritingwhatyouthinkthereaderswanttoread.上面这一段在讲学校是希望让你有发挥的空间，让你有机会展现出你跟别人不一样的地方。因为毕竟学校每年都收到数百份statement，会申请Harvard的同学大概都是差不多的背景：国高中就很优秀啦，大学GPA很高啦，参加社团通常都当社长啦，喜欢打工喜欢旅行等等。千篇一律，没什么特别的。这里就是让你讲述你的特别的经验。而且你要如何呈现你自己，学校让你自行发挥。所以一定要好好把握机会，把你最特别，最吸引人的地方讲出来。ThePersonalStatementcanbeanopportunitytoilluminateyourintellectualbackgroundandinterests,ortoprovideinformationaboutyourselfan

dyourachievementsthatmaynotbefullyevidentthroughotherinformationprovidedintheapplication.Inmanyways,youarepreparingacase.Asinlegalwriting,itisimportanttobepersuasive,clear,andsuinct.Therearefewsubstitutesforcarefulforethoughtandplanninginthisprocess.上面这一段在讲你的personalstatement应该要讲述SOP里不会讲到的东西，可以是学术类的，可以是你的兴趣，这些东西都是写在SOP里很怪的范围，但是学校让你发挥在这里。像是当校园记者，办园游会，办迎新活动，参加学生绝食抗争等等都可以写出来。再来是Princeton的网站上面对于personalstatement的讲解：SamplePersonalStatementTopics:·Somethingaboutwhichyouarepassionate,suchasasportorvolunteeractivity·Anexperiencethatresultedinintellectualoremotionalgrowth·Achallengethatyounotonlymetbutsurpassed·Youracademicinterestsandresearch所以还可以讲你参加了什么社团，系队，校队，或是自愿参加的活动，像是教英文啦，团康啦，去养老院陪老人家聊天啦都可以写。另外还可以写影响你生命至大的事件，像是国中时本来很叛逆，遇到一位好老师，父亲或是母亲会逼你记账并写**以及企划书，或是哥哥在学校是风云人物或是天才，自己一直在他的阴影下成长，但是后来终于找到自己的出路等等。再来，还可以写你遇到什么挫折，像是母亲早逝让你跟父亲相依为命，家境忽然从超好变超差，家道中落亲戚都离你父母而去，得过忧郁症有一阵子一直想自杀后来终于走出来，统计一直学不好，被当了三次，但是终于找到一个超强家教老师，你也拼了命的学，才没有因为统计没过关不能毕业。最后，我一定要提醒同学一下，申请文件是「一整套」在看的，所以没有所谓哪一份文件最重要。GPA，托福，GRE/GMAT，在校成绩等等固然重要，推荐信，论文，SOP，personalstatement也都一样很重要。学校在看的是你的整体表现，所以如果有一两个部份很差，没关系，只要有别的地方可以补得起来即可。有些人可能是成绩很低，但是社团经验，经验很丰富；有些人可能很不会考试，托福永远考不过100分，但是研究做得很好，发了三四篇paper；这些同学都还是非常有可能申请得上很好的学校。所以重要的是，整「套」